Interesting, GCC 7.x seems to simply puts the cold branch on a separate nop-padded cacheline.
GCC 9 [1] instead moves the exception throwing branch into a cold clone of exitWithMessageException function. The behaviour seems to have changed on starting from GCC 8.x.
Ooo, fancy. There is still a long way from just that to actually getting the savings in a real program running on a real operating system. For example, if I have thousands of source files, each with a few hundred bytes of cold exception handlers, do they get coalesced into a single block for the whole program?
I just built the following code with g++ v7.4 (from MSYS64 on Windows):
The generated code mixed the exception handlers with the hot-path code. Here are the address ranges of relevant chunks: